It seems that in Adam Smith's time its natural for people to have the concepts of 'monopoly' and of free trade. This might have been the results of the 'mercantilism' movements. It would be interesting to see someone writing about the western world before mercantilism, from a modern perspective. And then it can be compared to the economy and policies of ancient China described by people like Qian Mu. After mercantilism the structural changes would be mainly technical in the western world, hesitating and improving towards the modern market economy.
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