杂记2

第66页

Parmenides as the inventor of logic based metaphysics, which is represented by Hegel in modern times.

(the whole chapters, quite lightly written and fun to read, is to illustrate) how easy it is to draw metaphysical conclusions from language... 

(while logic based metaphysics involves certain degrees of 'logical and psychological study of language') the only way to avoid fallacious arguments...is to push (it)... further than has been done... 

...philosophical theories, if they are important, can generally be revived in a new form after being refuted as originally stated... 

Refutations are seldom final.

第72页

Empedocles' cosmology

...earth, air, fire, water...love and strife...

对比五行与阴阳

第78页

Athens, in it's leisure time, produced fathers of western philosophy and culture. Fathers of Chinese philosophy and culture, especially the earliest ones including Kong Zi, were mostly produced in war time.

第95页

...the pursuit of truth, when it is whole-hearted, must ignore moral considerations...(which doctrine is merited by the Sophists)

第124页

...the problem of finding a collection of wise men and leaving the government to them is thus an insoluble one... 

...that is the unltimate reason for democracy...

So democracy is considered something like an equilibrium state, and Russell believe a modern mind does and should possess this equilibrium view of things. Whether democracy is the only form of equilibrium, and whether democracy does bring about equilibrium is not yet demonstrated.

第239页

Relation of 'intellectually eminent men to contemporary society' (reforming/revolutionary/pessimistic)
Macedonian domination (the Hellenistic age which according to Russell is the second period of antique Greek-speaking world spanning between the City States and the Roman Empire) increased subjectivity and individualism in Greek philosophy, and produced Stoics, Epicureans, Cynic and Sceptics. With nothing positive, 'the way was left clear for an invasion of oriental religions...and the triumph of Christianity'.
'Cynic' was meant to be living like a dog, 'Canine', proclaimed by a man Diogenes whose belief in emancipation from worldly goods was later adopted by Stoics without the rejection of everyday amenities nor the 'canine' lifestyle. Without abstinence, the popularized Cynic in Alexandria gradually took on the modern meaning. Russell compares the characters to Taoists, Rousseau and Tolstoy.
Sceptism was compared to Hume, in the sense of denying senses and indifference to truth.

第300页

...Christianity, in its ethical doctrines, was not free from this defect (subjectivism which cares only about virtuous will and obscures scientific curiosity)... ...although in practice, belief in the imporatnce of spreading the Christian faith gave a practicable object for moral activity, which was no longer confined to the perfecting of self...

In 禅, preaching as a practical involvement need to be reconciled with the more passive dialectics of emptiness. What ideology will need to be reconciled by the Christians is not clear yet.

第303页

...neither of these traditions (Roman lay rulers and German aristocracy) proved strong enough to generate a successful opposition to the Church (of the medieval period)...this was largely due to the fact that they were not embodied in any adequate philosophy...

and so emphasis on philosophy of modern rulers?

第321页

...Jews, like Christians, thought much about sin, but few of them thought of themselves as sinners... 

...This was, in the main, a Christian innovation...

第345页

...sin...as a way of reconciling self-importance with outward defeat (Yahweh's having chosen the Jews as opposed with the humbleness of the Jews)... 

...sin is what is essential to the direct relation (between the soul and God)...which (theology of St Augustine) the Reformation (Protestants) relied (upon)...

From Jews to Christians, who 'put the Church in place of the Chosen People',

...made little difference to the psychology of sin...except in one respect...and that was the substitution of individual (sin) for communal sin... 

...thus losing its political character... 

...self-importance of the Jews (Chosen People)...(switched to the importance) of the individual...not (importance) of the (chosen) Church...

Thus Church was Chosen but not sinned (being both Chosen and 'prospering', instead of Chosen but 'humbling', therefore psychologically compatible and no reconciliation in the form of a 'sense of sin' needed).
Communal sin to communal Deity and individual sin.
Towards later developments of Christianity: Sin as a unifying aspect, or inherited notion, from the Catholics to the Protestants, although the former emphasized more on the intermediary role of the Church between the soul and God, which 'direct relation' is the emphasis of the latter.

...(both) exist equally in St Augustine, without his having any sense of disharmony...

第348页

...scientific mistakes are not in themselves a sign of errors as to the faith, but only become so when delivered with an air of authority as known through divine inspiration...

第349页

About Manichaeans.

...it is not we ourselves that sin, but that some other nature sins in us... 

...(St Augustine) tried reading the Bible, but found it lacking in Ciceronian dignity...he became a Manichaean...

第355页

...(according to St Augustine) it is true that God has foreknowledge of our sins, but we do not sin because of His foreknowledge (and rather we sin because of our free will, so we do have free will; this logical sequence can be inferred from Russell's writings)

第361页

...the Jewish pattern of history...is such as to make a powerful appeal to the oppressed and unfortunate... 

...St Augustine adapted this pattern to Christianity...Marx to Socialism...

So this is what is meant by historicism 历史主义, represented by Hegel, or 'eschatology' in theological context. Popper wrote most extensively on the connections between Hegel (who subsequently influenced Marx) and the early Christian or Platonist doctrines (whether Hegel is connected with Platonism through historicism or the notion of a Utopia/City of God).
While there is this similarity of Christianity with Socialism, it would be curious to see why Christianity did not win the Chinese culture like Socialism had. Is it some crucial inherit difference in the doctrines or is it just historical?

第125页

According to Russell, Plato defined justice in a quite arbitrary process / flow of logic:

...since everything is easier to see in the large than in the small...it is decided... 

...since justice must be among the attributes of the best imaginable State...it is decided...

so he adopted a similar logic when analyzing Plato himself:

...let us first describe Plato's Utopia in its broad outlines, and then consider points that arise by the way... 

Importance of the 'guardians' to Plato is compared with Jesuits to old Paraguay (before Spanish invasion), ecclesiastics to the Church, the Communists Party to the USSR.

杂记1

第19页

神学与科学的折中，集体与个人的折中，守与攻，稳定与发展，修养与生息，生存与繁衍的折中。原来哲学是一类人，一种政体，一个生活方式，一门live with uncertainty的技能。至少这是我看到的罗素的哲学，我能理解的智慧。 

第32页

Fate exercised a great influence on all Greek thought, and perhaps was one of the source from which science derived the belief in natural law.

第34页 

Bacchus the god of drunkness and drunkness as a divine madness.
A transition from the worship of fertility (material/physical) to the worship of spiritual ecstasy.
Curiously this awakening to 'mental intoxication' originated from a 'much less civilized' country called Thrace, and was only later adopted by the Greek to Bacchae of Euripides.

第35页

...who, by compulsion, is more civilized in behavior than in feeling, rationality is irksome and virtue is felt as a burden and a slavery... 

And this compulsion is considered origin and source of later development in thought towards the Bacchus cult of spiritual ecstasy.
A very interesting point can be derived from this statement, that primitive love is not necessarily felt if civilized enough, and it is in a more active sense than the commonly understood passive obligations of a literary person that men should obstinate from primitive sex or violence.

第36页

Law as a result of forethought, checking impulses the way civilization checks against the savage;
Ethics the same, while law is associated with punishment and ethics with social disapproval.

...the purposes of the community are enforced upon the individual, and, ...the individual, having acquired the habit of viewing his life as a whole, increasingly sacrifices his present to future...

(the fear of which sacrifice, led to the worshipping of intoxication and the intensity of feeling prudence had destroyed)
Although, this sacrifice, this

loss of some of the best things in life, 

is not considered necessary, as long as extremes of such prudence is sought, sometimes to a 'miser'.
(seeking prudence or civilization in feeling as a advance from prudence or civilization in mere behavior might have been what actually was intended by Russell)

...'enthusiasm', which means, etymologically, having the god (of intoxication) enter into the worshipper, who believed that he became one with the god... ...much of what is greatest in human achievement involves some element of intoxication(mentally)...Bacchic...(without which) life would be uninteresting...(with which) it is dangerous...

(prudence vs passion; science vs theology? state vs individual?)

第37页

Bacchus to Plato (religious philosophers) to Christian theology
Teaching of the Orphics. Written with implications to Christian theology and rational (man being partly divine, partly earth; obtaining divinity by eating flesh of god's son, thus probably sinned.

第39页

Female as the opposite of male is considered opposite of the male institution of prudence (rational/reason/forethought/science), therefore become worshiped and honored by those who, being prudent in behavior but not yet prudent in feeling, seek mental or physical ecstasy (irrational/passion/instinct/religion), while the more primitive interest in fertility, by those who was not even prudent in behavior yet, used to favor male over female instead.

...the conventional tradition (view) concerning the Greeks is that they exhibited an admirable serenity...(and) contemplate passion from (remaining) without...perceiving whatever beauty it exhibited but themselves calm and Olympian... ... 

This is a very one-sided view...

第43页

...Orphics...founded...religious communities...and from their influence arose the conception of philosophy as a way of life...

While Christianity was considered by Russell (in his Introduction) as popularizing the conception of a superior 'GOD' or social order that reigns above the secular state or man, e.g.,

...a man's duty to God is more imperative than his duty to the State...

These two, Orphism and Christianity, representing philosophical life style and inferiority of man respectively, are the two critical elements Russell has so far been trying to identify to the reader.
He is also to introduce later Pythagoras as critical to the place of logic in the western 'sphere of thought'.

第58页

Mathematics is here described as the art of deductive reasoning, e.g. 'from what appeared self-evident', which contradicts that of a scientific method, e.g. 'inductively from what had been observed'.
So to say that mathematics is the foundation of science is really to say that deductively reasoning is the foundation of inductive reasoning, which does not seem to make sense.
Laying out a 'right attitude', or general mindset in 'studying a philosopher',

...neither reverence nor contempt (is the right attitude)...but first a kind of hypothetical sympathy...then a revival of the critical attitude... 

...(to study a philosopher is to be in) a state of mind of a person abandoning opinions which he has hitherto held...

(Russell did not however state that this mindset is necessarily possessed by a philosopher, e.g. to have a habit of abandoning one's own opinions does not necessarily make that person a philosopher, although s/he will somehow be in a position to study philosophy )
Opposition, as is characterized by Xenophanes, is not considered first rank philosophy, in terms of independent thinking (i.e.invention of of hypotheses).

...even if no one of the hypotheses (mostly given birth by the Greeks / ancestors of every civilization; having independent life and growth) can be demonstrated...(they are to be revered for) making each of them consistent with itself and with known facts... 

Two elements, independence (self-consistent-ness + originality) and potential of being refined/'reformulated' to meet objections raised by time or rival hypotheses, thus become what distinct philosophy from opinions.
Science, or more precisely the scientific method, as can be implied from Russell's words, is rather a hypothesis (in the sense of believing in the discovery of truth from inductions rather than deductions) given birth by the modern minds, inventing inductive reasoning that stands out from the exclusive use of deductive reasoning of the Greek genius (who generally hold a 'Hellenic belief' in deductions rather than modern science's belief in inductions, i.e.scientific method is independent and new in terms of Hellenic belief). It is thus considered a greatest (not necessarily 'correct') intellectual progress and achievement of the modern thought.
The Milesian School, starring Thales and Anaximander, are considered by Russell as earlier believers/holders of scientific methods, who did not make arbitrary moral hypotheses and were ready to be tested (by facts; see below). But their influence was not revived until recent times.
(Greeks may also test their hypotheses but not through facts, i.e.their hypotheses in pure moral terms are intrinsically not testable by observable facts)

第65页

...the search of something permanent is one of the deepest of the instincts leading men to philosophy...derived...from love of home...

(a very similar statement by Einstein was quoted on 李泽厚's book)

...accordingly...have sought...for something not subject to the empire of Time...

(while the theory of perpetual flux invented by Heraclitus serves as an example of the pain and cruelty brought alone by a person who believes in temperament)
Parmenides is however to introduce later 'the conception of eternity as opposed to endless duration' and find permanence in that of a process rather than that of a substance.