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Parmenides as the inventor of logic based metaphysics, which is represented by Hegel in modern times.
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(the whole chapters, quite lightly written and fun to read, is to illustrate) how easy it is to draw metaphysical conclusions from language...
(while logic based metaphysics involves certain degrees of 'logical and psychological study of language') the only way to avoid fallacious arguments...is to push (it)... further than has been done...
...philosophical theories, if they are important, can generally be revived in a new form after being refuted as originally stated...
Refutations are seldom final.
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Empedocles' cosmology
...earth, air, fire, water...love and strife...对比五行与阴阳
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Athens, in it's leisure time, produced fathers of western philosophy and culture. Fathers of Chinese philosophy and culture, especially the earliest ones including Kong Zi, were mostly produced in war time.
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...the pursuit of truth, when it is whole-hearted, must ignore moral considerations...(which doctrine is merited by the Sophists)
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...the problem of finding a collection of wise men and leaving the government to them is thus an insoluble one...
...that is the unltimate reason for democracy...So democracy is considered something like an equilibrium state, and Russell believe a modern mind does and should possess this equilibrium view of things. Whether democracy is the only form of equilibrium, and whether democracy does bring about equilibrium is not yet demonstrated.
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Relation of 'intellectually eminent men to contemporary society' (reforming/revolutionary/pessimistic)
Macedonian domination (the Hellenistic age which according to Russell is the second period of antique Greek-speaking world spanning between the City States and the Roman Empire) increased subjectivity and individualism in Greek philosophy, and produced Stoics, Epicureans, Cynic and Sceptics. With nothing positive, 'the way was left clear for an invasion of oriental religions...and the triumph of Christianity'.
'Cynic' was meant to be living like a dog, 'Canine', proclaimed by a man Diogenes whose belief in emancipation from worldly goods was later adopted by Stoics without the rejection of everyday amenities nor the 'canine' lifestyle. Without abstinence, the popularized Cynic in Alexandria gradually took on the modern meaning. Russell compares the characters to Taoists, Rousseau and Tolstoy.
Sceptism was compared to Hume, in the sense of denying senses and indifference to truth.
Macedonian domination (the Hellenistic age which according to Russell is the second period of antique Greek-speaking world spanning between the City States and the Roman Empire) increased subjectivity and individualism in Greek philosophy, and produced Stoics, Epicureans, Cynic and Sceptics. With nothing positive, 'the way was left clear for an invasion of oriental religions...and the triumph of Christianity'.
'Cynic' was meant to be living like a dog, 'Canine', proclaimed by a man Diogenes whose belief in emancipation from worldly goods was later adopted by Stoics without the rejection of everyday amenities nor the 'canine' lifestyle. Without abstinence, the popularized Cynic in Alexandria gradually took on the modern meaning. Russell compares the characters to Taoists, Rousseau and Tolstoy.
Sceptism was compared to Hume, in the sense of denying senses and indifference to truth.
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...Christianity, in its ethical doctrines, was not free from this defect (subjectivism which cares only about virtuous will and obscures scientific curiosity)... ...although in practice, belief in the imporatnce of spreading the Christian faith gave a practicable object for moral activity, which was no longer confined to the perfecting of self...
In 禅, preaching as a practical involvement need to be reconciled with the more passive dialectics of emptiness. What ideology will need to be reconciled by the Christians is not clear yet.
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...neither of these traditions (Roman lay rulers and German aristocracy) proved strong enough to generate a successful opposition to the Church (of the medieval period)...this was largely due to the fact that they were not embodied in any adequate philosophy...
and so emphasis on philosophy of modern rulers?
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...Jews, like Christians, thought much about sin, but few of them thought of themselves as sinners...
...This was, in the main, a Christian innovation...
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...sin...as a way of reconciling self-importance with outward defeat (Yahweh's having chosen the Jews as opposed with the humbleness of the Jews)...
...sin is what is essential to the direct relation (between the soul and God)...which (theology of St Augustine) the Reformation (Protestants) relied (upon)...From Jews to Christians, who 'put the Church in place of the Chosen People',
...made little difference to the psychology of sin...except in one respect...and that was the substitution of individual (sin) for communal sin...
...thus losing its political character...
...self-importance of the Jews (Chosen People)...(switched to the importance) of the individual...not (importance) of the (chosen) Church...
Thus Church was Chosen but not sinned (being both Chosen and 'prospering', instead of Chosen but 'humbling', therefore psychologically compatible and no reconciliation in the form of a 'sense of sin' needed).
Communal sin to communal Deity and individual sin.
Towards later developments of Christianity: Sin as a unifying aspect, or inherited notion, from the Catholics to the Protestants, although the former emphasized more on the intermediary role of the Church between the soul and God, which 'direct relation' is the emphasis of the latter.
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Communal sin to communal Deity and individual sin.
Towards later developments of Christianity: Sin as a unifying aspect, or inherited notion, from the Catholics to the Protestants, although the former emphasized more on the intermediary role of the Church between the soul and God, which 'direct relation' is the emphasis of the latter.
...(both) exist equally in St Augustine, without his having any sense of disharmony...
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...scientific mistakes are not in themselves a sign of errors as to the faith, but only become so when delivered with an air of authority as known through divine inspiration...
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About Manichaeans.
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...it is not we ourselves that sin, but that some other nature sins in us...
...(St Augustine) tried reading the Bible, but found it lacking in Ciceronian dignity...he became a Manichaean...
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...(according to St Augustine) it is true that God has foreknowledge of our sins, but we do not sin because of His foreknowledge (and rather we sin because of our free will, so we do have free will; this logical sequence can be inferred from Russell's writings)
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...the Jewish pattern of history...is such as to make a powerful appeal to the oppressed and unfortunate...
...St Augustine adapted this pattern to Christianity...Marx to Socialism...
So this is what is meant by historicism 历史主义, represented by Hegel, or 'eschatology' in theological context. Popper wrote most extensively on the connections between Hegel (who subsequently influenced Marx) and the early Christian or Platonist doctrines (whether Hegel is connected with Platonism through historicism or the notion of a Utopia/City of God).
While there is this similarity of Christianity with Socialism, it would be curious to see why Christianity did not win the Chinese culture like Socialism had. Is it some crucial inherit difference in the doctrines or is it just historical?
While there is this similarity of Christianity with Socialism, it would be curious to see why Christianity did not win the Chinese culture like Socialism had. Is it some crucial inherit difference in the doctrines or is it just historical?
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According to Russell, Plato defined justice in a quite arbitrary process / flow of logic:
...since everything is easier to see in the large than in the small...it is decided...
...since justice must be among the attributes of the best imaginable State...it is decided...
so he adopted a similar logic when analyzing Plato himself:
...let us first describe Plato's Utopia in its broad outlines, and then consider points that arise by the way...
Importance of the 'guardians' to Plato is compared with Jesuits to old Paraguay (before Spanish invasion), ecclesiastics to the Church, the Communists Party to the USSR.
