杂记1

第19页
神学与科学的折中,集体与个人的折中,守与攻,稳定与发展,修养与生息,生存与繁衍的折中。原来哲学是一类人,一种政体,一个生活方式,一门live with uncertainty的技能。至少这是我看到的罗素的哲学,我能理解的智慧。 

第32页
Fate exercised a great influence on all Greek thought, and perhaps was one of the source from which science derived the belief in natural law.

第34页 
Bacchus the god of drunkness and drunkness as a divine madness.
A transition from the worship of fertility (material/physical) to the worship of spiritual ecstasy.
Curiously this awakening to 'mental intoxication' originated from a 'much less civilized' country called Thrace, and was only later adopted by the Greek to Bacchae of Euripides.

第35页
...who, by compulsion, is more civilized in behavior than in feeling, rationality is irksome and virtue is felt as a burden and a slavery... 
And this compulsion is considered origin and source of later development in thought towards the Bacchus cult of spiritual ecstasy.
A very interesting point can be derived from this statement, that primitive love is not necessarily felt if civilized enough, and it is in a more active sense than the commonly understood passive obligations of a literary person that men should obstinate from primitive sex or violence.

第36页
Law as a result of forethought, checking impulses the way civilization checks against the savage;
Ethics the same, while law is associated with punishment and ethics with social disapproval.
...the purposes of the community are enforced upon the individual, and, ...the individual, having acquired the habit of viewing his life as a whole, increasingly sacrifices his present to future...
(the fear of which sacrifice, led to the worshipping of intoxication and the intensity of feeling prudence had destroyed)
Although, this sacrifice, this
loss of some of the best things in life, 
is not considered necessary, as long as extremes of such prudence is sought, sometimes to a 'miser'.
(seeking prudence or civilization in feeling as a advance from prudence or civilization in mere behavior might have been what actually was intended by Russell)
...'enthusiasm', which means, etymologically, having the god (of intoxication) enter into the worshipper, who believed that he became one with the god... ...much of what is greatest in human achievement involves some element of intoxication(mentally)...Bacchic...(without which) life would be uninteresting...(with which) it is dangerous...
(prudence vs passion; science vs theology? state vs individual?)

第37页
Bacchus to Plato (religious philosophers) to Christian theology
Teaching of the Orphics. Written with implications to Christian theology and rational (man being partly divine, partly earth; obtaining divinity by eating flesh of god's son, thus probably sinned.

第39页
Female as the opposite of male is considered opposite of the male institution of prudence (rational/reason/forethought/science), therefore become worshiped and honored by those who, being prudent in behavior but not yet prudent in feeling, seek mental or physical ecstasy (irrational/passion/instinct/religion), while the more primitive interest in fertility, by those who was not even prudent in behavior yet, used to favor male over female instead.
...the conventional tradition (view) concerning the Greeks is that they exhibited an admirable serenity...(and) contemplate passion from (remaining) without...perceiving whatever beauty it exhibited but themselves calm and Olympian... ... 
This is a very one-sided view...

第43页
...Orphics...founded...religious communities...and from their influence arose the conception of philosophy as a way of life...
While Christianity was considered by Russell (in his Introduction) as popularizing the conception of a superior 'GOD' or social order that reigns above the secular state or man, e.g.,
...a man's duty to God is more imperative than his duty to the State...
These two, Orphism and Christianity, representing philosophical life style and inferiority of man respectively, are the two critical elements Russell has so far been trying to identify to the reader.
He is also to introduce later Pythagoras as critical to the place of logic in the western 'sphere of thought'.

第58页
Mathematics is here described as the art of deductive reasoning, e.g. 'from what appeared self-evident', which contradicts that of a scientific method, e.g. 'inductively from what had been observed'.
So to say that mathematics is the foundation of science is really to say that deductively reasoning is the foundation of inductive reasoning, which does not seem to make sense.
Laying out a 'right attitude', or general mindset in 'studying a philosopher',
...neither reverence nor contempt (is the right attitude)...but first a kind of hypothetical sympathy...then a revival of the critical attitude... 
...(to study a philosopher is to be in) a state of mind of a person abandoning opinions which he has hitherto held...
(Russell did not however state that this mindset is necessarily possessed by a philosopher, e.g. to have a habit of abandoning one's own opinions does not necessarily make that person a philosopher, although s/he will somehow be in a position to study philosophy )
Opposition, as is characterized by Xenophanes, is not considered first rank philosophy, in terms of independent thinking (i.e.invention of of hypotheses).
...even if no one of the hypotheses (mostly given birth by the Greeks / ancestors of every civilization; having independent life and growth) can be demonstrated...(they are to be revered for) making each of them consistent with itself and with known facts... 
Two elements, independence (self-consistent-ness + originality) and potential of being refined/'reformulated' to meet objections raised by time or rival hypotheses, thus become what distinct philosophy from opinions.
Science, or more precisely the scientific method, as can be implied from Russell's words, is rather a hypothesis (in the sense of believing in the discovery of truth from inductions rather than deductions) given birth by the modern minds, inventing inductive reasoning that stands out from the exclusive use of deductive reasoning of the Greek genius (who generally hold a 'Hellenic belief' in deductions rather than modern science's belief in inductions, i.e.scientific method is independent and new in terms of Hellenic belief). It is thus considered a greatest (not necessarily 'correct') intellectual progress and achievement of the modern thought.
The Milesian School, starring Thales and Anaximander, are considered by Russell as earlier believers/holders of scientific methods, who did not make arbitrary moral hypotheses and were ready to be tested (by facts; see below). But their influence was not revived until recent times.
(Greeks may also test their hypotheses but not through facts, i.e.their hypotheses in pure moral terms are intrinsically not testable by observable facts)

第65页
...the search of something permanent is one of the deepest of the instincts leading men to philosophy...derived...from love of home...
(a very similar statement by Einstein was quoted on 李泽厚's book)
...accordingly...have sought...for something not subject to the empire of Time...
(while the theory of perpetual flux invented by Heraclitus serves as an example of the pain and cruelty brought alone by a person who believes in temperament)
Parmenides is however to introduce later 'the conception of eternity as opposed to endless duration' and find permanence in that of a process rather than that of a substance.

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